详解python的ORM中Pony用法


Posted in Python onFebruary 09, 2018

Pony是Python的一种ORM,它允许使用生成器表达式来构造查询,通过将生成器表达式的抽象语法树解析成SQL语句。它也有在线ER图编辑器可以帮助你创建Model。

示例分析

Pony语句:

select(p for p in Person if p.age > 20)

翻译成sql语句就是:

SELECT p.id, p.name, p.age, p.classtype, p.mentor, p.gpa, p.degree
FROM person p
WHERE p.classtype IN ('Student', 'Professor', 'Person')
AND p.age > 20

Pony语句:

select(c for c in Customer
     if sum(c.orders.price) > 1000)

翻译成sql语句就是:

SELECT "c"."id"
FROM "Customer" "c"
 LEFT JOIN "Order" "order-1"
  ON "c"."id" = "order-1"."customer"
GROUP BY "c"."id"
HAVING coalesce(SUM("order-1"."total_price"), 0) > 1000

安装Pony

pip install pony

使用Pony

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import datetime
import pony.orm as pny
import sqlite3

# conn = sqlite3.connect('D:\日常python学习PY2\Pony学习\music.sqlite')
# print conn

# database = pny.Database()
# database.bind("sqlite","music.sqlite",create_db=True)

# 路径建议写绝对路径。我这边开始写相对路径报错 unable to open database file
database = pny.Database("sqlite","D:\日常python学习PY2\Pony学习\music.sqlite",create_db=True)

########################################################################
class Artist(database.Entity):
  """
  Pony ORM model of the Artist table
  """
  name = pny.Required(unicode)
  #被外键关联
  albums = pny.Set("Album")

########################################################################
class Album(database.Entity):
  """
  Pony ORM model of album table
  """
  #外键字段artlist,外键关联表Artist,Artist表必须写Set表示被外键关联
  #这个外键字段默认就是index=True,除非自己指定index=False才不会创建索引,索引名默认为[idx_表名__字段](artist)
  artist = pny.Required(Artist)
  title = pny.Required(unicode)
  release_date = pny.Required(datetime.date)
  publisher = pny.Required(unicode)
  media_type = pny.Required(unicode)

# turn on debug mode
pny.sql_debug(True)   # 显示debug信息(sql语句)

# map the models to the database
# and create the tables, if they don't exist
database.generate_mapping(create_tables=True)    # 如果数据库表没有创建表

运行之后生成sqlite如下:

上述代码对应的sqlite语句是:

GET CONNECTION FROM THE LOCAL POOL
PRAGMA foreign_keys = false
BEGIN IMMEDIATE TRANSACTION
CREATE TABLE "Artist" (
 "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
 "name" TEXT NOT NULL
)
 
CREATE TABLE "Album" (
 "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
 "artist" INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES "Artist" ("id"),
 "title" TEXT NOT NULL,
 "release_date" DATE NOT NULL,
 "publisher" TEXT NOT NULL,
 "media_type" TEXT NOT NULL
)
 
CREATE INDEX "idx_album__artist" ON "Album" ("artist")
 
SELECT "Album"."id", "Album"."artist", "Album"."title", "Album"."release_date", "Album"."publisher", "Album"."media_type"
FROM "Album" "Album"
WHERE 0 = 1
 
SELECT "Artist"."id", "Artist"."name"
FROM "Artist" "Artist"
WHERE 0 = 1
 
COMMIT
PRAGMA foreign_keys = true
CLOSE CONNECTION

插入/增加数据

源码地址:https://github.com/flowpig/daily_demos

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import datetime
import pony.orm as pny
from models import Album, Artist
from database import PonyDatabase


# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
@pny.db_session
def add_data():
  """"""

  new_artist = Artist(name=u"Newsboys")
  bands = [u"MXPX", u"Kutless", u"Thousand Foot Krutch"]
  for band in bands:
    artist = Artist(name=band)

  album = Album(artist=new_artist,
         title=u"Read All About It",
         release_date=datetime.date(1988, 12, 01),
         publisher=u"Refuge",
         media_type=u"CD")

  albums = [{"artist": new_artist,
        "title": "Hell is for Wimps",
        "release_date": datetime.date(1990, 07, 31),
        "publisher": "Sparrow",
        "media_type": "CD"
        },
       {"artist": new_artist,
        "title": "Love Liberty Disco",
        "release_date": datetime.date(1999, 11, 16),
        "publisher": "Sparrow",
        "media_type": "CD"
        },
       {"artist": new_artist,
        "title": "Thrive",
        "release_date": datetime.date(2002, 03, 26),
        "publisher": "Sparrow",
        "media_type": "CD"}
       ]

  for album in albums:
    a = Album(**album)


if __name__ == "__main__":
  db = PonyDatabase()
  db.bind("sqlite", "D:\日常python学习PY2\Pony学习\music.sqlite", create_db=True)
  db.generate_mapping(create_tables=True)


  add_data()

  # use db_session as a context manager
  with pny.db_session:
    a = Artist(name="Skillet")


'''
您会注意到我们需要使用一个装饰器db_session来处理数据库。 
它负责打开连接,提交数据并关闭连接。 你也可以把它作为一个上
下文管理器,with pny.db_session
'''

更新数据

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import pony.orm as pny

from models import Artist, Album
from database import PonyDatabase

db = PonyDatabase()
db.bind("sqlite", "D:\日常python学习PY2\Pony学习\music.sqlite", create_db=True)
db.generate_mapping(create_tables=True)


with pny.db_session:
  band = Artist.get(name="Newsboys")
  print band.name

  for record in band.albums:
    print record.title

  # update a record
  band_name = Artist.get(name="Kutless")
  band_name.name = "Beach Boys"
  
  #使用生成器形式查询
  '''
  result = pny.select(i.name for i in Artist)
  result.show()
  
  结果:
  i.name       
  --------------------
  Newsboys      
  MXPX        
  Beach Boys     
  Thousand Foot Krutch
  Skillet       

  '''

删除记录

import pony.orm as pny
from models import Artist
with pny.db_session:
  band = Artist.get(name="MXPX")
  band.delete()

Pony补充

可以连接的数据库:

##postgres
db.bind('postgres', user='', password='', host='', database='')
##sqlite     create_db:如果数据库不存在创建数据库文件
db.bind('sqlite', 'filename', create_db=True)
##mysql
db.bind('mysql', host='', user='', passwd='', db='')
##Oracle
db.bind('oracle', 'user/password@dsn')

Entity(实体)类似mvc里面的model

在创建实体实例之前,需要将实体映射到数据库表,生成映射后,可以通过实体查询数据库并创建新的实例。db.Entity自己定义新的实体必须从db.Entity继承

属性

class Customer(db.Entity):
  name = Required(str)
  picture = Optional(buffer)
sql_debug(True) # 显示debug信息(sql语句)
db.generate_mapping(create_tables=True) # 如果数据库表没有创建表

属性类型

  • Required
  • Optional
  • PrimaryKey
  • Set

Required and Optional

通常实体属性分为Required(必选)和Optional(可选)

PrimaryKey(主键)

默认每个实体都有一个主键,默认添加了id=PrimaryKey(int,auto=True)属性

class Product(db.Entity):
  name = Required(str, unique=True)
  price = Required(Decimal)
  description = Optional(str)
  
#等价于下面

class Product(db.Entity):
  id = PrimaryKey(int, auto=True)
  name = Required(str, unique=True)
  price = Required(Decimal)
  description = Optional(str)

Set

定义了一对一,一对多,多对多等数据结构

# 一对一
class User(db.Entity):
  name = Required(str)
  cart = Optional("Cart") #必须Optional-Required or Optional-Optional

class Cart(db.Entity):
  user = Required("User")
  
# 多对多
class Student(db.Entity):
  name = pny.Required(str)
  courses = pny.Set("Course")

class Course(db.Entity):
  name = pny.Required(str)
  semester = pny.Required(int)
  students = pny.Set(Student)
  pny.PrimaryKey(name, semester)   #联合主键

pny.sql_debug(True)   # 显示debug信息(sql语句)
db.generate_mapping(create_tables=True)   # 如果数据库表没有创建表
#-------------------------------------------------------
#一对多
class Artist(database.Entity):
  """
  Pony ORM model of the Artist table
  """
  name = pny.Required(unicode)
  #被外键关联
  albums = pny.Set("Album")

class Album(database.Entity):
  """
  Pony ORM model of album table
  """
  #外键字段artlist,外键关联表Artist,Artist表必须写Set表示被外键关联
  #这个外键字段默认就是index=True,除非自己指定index=False才不会创建索引,索引名默认为[idx_表名__字段](artist)
  artist = pny.Required(Artist)    #外键字段(数据库显示artist)
  title = pny.Required(unicode)
  release_date = pny.Required(datetime.date)
  publisher = pny.Required(unicode)
  media_type = pny.Required(unicode)

# Compositeindexes(复合索引)
class Example1(db.Entity):
  a = Required(str)
  b = Optional(int)
  composite_index(a, b)
  #也可以使用字符串composite_index(a, 'b')

属性数据类型

格式为 :

属性名 = 属性类型(数据类型)

  • str
  • unicode
  • int
  • float
  • Decimal
  • datetime
  • date
  • time
  • timedelta
  • bool
  • buffer ---used for binary data in Python 2 and 3
  • bytes ---used for binary data in Python 3
  • LongStr ---used for large strings
  • LongUnicode ---used for large strings
  • UUID
attr1 = Required(str)
# 等价
attr2 = Required(unicode)

attr3 = Required(LongStr)
# 等价
attr4 = Required(LongUnicode)

attr1 = Required(buffer) # Python 2 and 3

attr2 = Required(bytes) # Python 3 only

#字符串长度,不写默认为255
name = Required(str,40)   #VARCHAR(40)

#整数的大小,默认2bit
attr1 = Required(int, size=8)  # 8 bit - TINYINT in MySQL
attr2 = Required(int, size=16) # 16 bit - SMALLINT in MySQL
attr3 = Required(int, size=24) # 24 bit - MEDIUMINT in MySQL
attr4 = Required(int, size=32) # 32 bit - INTEGER in MySQL
attr5 = Required(int, size=64) # 64 bit - BIGINT in MySQL

#无符号整型
attr1 = Required(int, size=8, unsigned=True) # TINYINT UNSIGNED in MySQL

# 小数和精度
price = Required(Decimal, 10, 2)    #DECIMAL(10,2)

# 时间
dt = Required(datetime,6)

# 其它参数
unique  是否唯一
auto  是否自增
default   默认值
sql_default 
created_at = Required(datetime, sql_default='CURRENT_TIMESTAMP')
index  创建索引
index='index_name' 指定索引名称
lazy  延迟加载的属性加载对象
cascade_delete   关联删除对象
column   映射到数据库的列名
columns Set(多对多列名)
table  多对多中间表的表名字
nullable  允许该列为空
py_check  可以指定一个函数,检查数据是否合法和修改数据

class Student(db.Entity): 
  name = Required(str) 
  gpa = Required(float, py_check=lambda val: val >= 0 and val <= 5)

实例操作

# 获取实例

p = Person.get(name="Person")  #返回单个实例,如同
Django ORM的get
#------------------------------
# 查询
persons = Person.select()
'''
select并没有连接数据库查询,只是返回一个Query object,调用persons[:]返回所有Person实例
'''

# limit
persons [1:5]

# show
persons.show()

# 生成器表达式查询,然后解析AST树的方式构造SQL语句

select(p for p in Person) 
#和Person.select()一样返回Query object

select((p.id, p.name) for p in Person)[:]

# 带where条件查询
select((p.id, p.name) for p in Person if p.age ==20)[:]

# 分组聚合查询
select((max(p.age)) for p in Person)[:] #[25]

max(p.age for p in Person) #25

select(p.age for p in Person).max() #25
#-----------------------------
# 修改实例
@db_session
def update_persons():
 p = Person.get(id=2)
 p.page = 1000
 commit()
 
# 删除
@db_session
def delete_persons():
  p = Person.get(id=2)
  p.delete()
  commit()

pony使用还可以使用游标操作(这样就可以写原生sql语句了)

result = db.execute('''select name from Artist''')
print result.fetchall()

类似Django ORM的save函数

before_insert()
Is called only for newly created objects before it is inserted into the database.
before_update()
Is called for entity instances before updating the instance in the database.
before_delete()
Is called before deletion the entity instance in the database.
after_insert()
Is called after the row is inserted into the database.
after_update()
Is called after the instance updated in the database.
after_delete()
Is called after the entity instance is deleted in the database.

例如:

class Message(db.Entity):
  title = Required(str)
  content = Required(str)
  def before_insert(self):
    print("Before insert! title=%s" % self.title)

 

Python 相关文章推荐
Python实现测试磁盘性能的方法
Mar 12 Python
python登录豆瓣并发帖的方法
Jul 08 Python
python实现批量监控网站
Sep 09 Python
matplotlib中legend位置调整解析
Dec 19 Python
解决Python正则表达式匹配反斜杠''\''问题
Jul 17 Python
python集合常见运算案例解析
Oct 17 Python
用openCV和Python 实现图片对比,并标识出不同点的方式
Dec 19 Python
Python中包的用法及安装
Feb 11 Python
Python通过Tesseract库实现文字识别
Mar 05 Python
基于Keras的格式化输出Loss实现方式
Jun 17 Python
Django中Q查询及Q()对象 F查询及F()对象用法
Jul 09 Python
Python Parser的用法
May 12 Python
python监控键盘输入实例代码
Feb 09 #Python
Python with语句上下文管理器两种实现方法分析
Feb 09 #Python
Python遍历pandas数据方法总结
Feb 09 #Python
python中的闭包函数
Feb 09 #Python
基于Python socket的端口扫描程序实例代码
Feb 09 #Python
利用python 更新ssh 远程代码 操作远程服务器的实现代码
Feb 08 #Python
Tensorflow 利用tf.contrib.learn建立输入函数的方法
Feb 08 #Python
You might like
ThinkPHP标签制作教程
2014/07/10 PHP
浅析php单例模式
2014/11/25 PHP
php操作xml入门之xml标签的属性分析
2015/01/23 PHP
PHP实现的XML操作类【XML Library】
2016/12/29 PHP
PHP实现模拟http请求的方法分析
2017/12/20 PHP
PHP 爬取网页的主要方法
2018/07/13 PHP
Javascript下判断是否为闰年的Datetime包
2010/10/26 Javascript
Jquery 自定义动画概述及示例
2013/03/29 Javascript
用js的for循环获取radio选中的值
2013/10/21 Javascript
用简洁的jQuery方法toggleClass实现隔行换色
2014/10/22 Javascript
jQuery中:first-child选择器用法实例
2014/12/31 Javascript
javascript中for/in循环及使用技巧
2015/09/01 Javascript
JavaScript编程中布尔对象的基本使用
2015/10/25 Javascript
js操作table元素实现表格行列新增、删除技巧总结
2015/11/18 Javascript
深入浅析JavaScript中的arguments对象(强力推荐)
2016/06/03 Javascript
浅谈$('div a') 与$('div&gt;a')的区别
2016/07/18 Javascript
Vue.js实现简单ToDoList 前期准备(一)
2016/12/01 Javascript
EasyUI中的dataGrid的行内编辑
2017/06/22 Javascript
vue.js实现备忘录功能的方法
2017/07/10 Javascript
vue实现样式之间的切换及vue动态样式的实现方法
2017/12/19 Javascript
微信小程序利用canvas 绘制幸运大转盘功能
2018/07/06 Javascript
JS如何寻找数组中心索引过程解析
2020/06/01 Javascript
python创建和使用字典实例详解
2013/11/01 Python
Python函数参数类型*、**的区别
2015/04/11 Python
python开发之thread实现布朗运动的方法
2015/11/11 Python
老生常谈python的私有公有属性(必看篇)
2017/06/09 Python
Python利用QQ邮箱发送邮件的实现方法(分享)
2017/06/09 Python
python函数声明和调用定义及原理详解
2019/12/02 Python
浅析HTML5:'data-'属性的作用
2018/01/23 HTML / CSS
皮姆斯勒语言学习:Pimsleur Language Programs
2018/06/30 全球购物
美国名表在线商城:Ashford(支持中文)
2019/09/24 全球购物
纪检干部先进事迹材料
2014/08/23 职场文书
报效祖国演讲稿
2014/09/15 职场文书
大学生创业事迹材料
2014/12/30 职场文书
幼儿园欢迎词范文
2015/01/26 职场文书
一行代码python实现文件共享服务器
2021/04/22 Python